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Vaccine Science: |
Glossary
A | B-D | E-G | H-K | L-N | O-P | Q-S | T-Z QQuarantine: The isolation of a person or animal that has a disease (or is suspected of having a disease) in order to prevent further spread of the disease. RRandomized trial: A study in which participants are assigned by chance to one of two or more intervention arms or regimens. Randomization minimizes the differences among groups by equally distributing people with particular characteristics among all the trial arms. Reactogenicity: The capacity of a vaccine to produce adverse reactions. Reagent: Any chemical used in a laboratory test or experiment. Receptor: A molecule on the surface of a cell that serves as a recognition or binding site for antigens, antibodies or other cellular or immunology components. Recombinant DNA technology: The technique by which genetic material from one organism is inserted into a foreign cell in order to mass-produce the protein encoded by the inserted genes. Registration (Licensing, Authorization, Approval): The process of approving a drug for marketing in a country/region. Includes assessment using particularly the criteria of safety, quality, and efficacy. As a consequence of inadequate local capacity many developing countries rely on "third party certification", i.e. granting market authorization to products approved in certain developed countries. Regression or remission: In relation to cancer, regression refers generally to the shrinking of a tumor by other than surgical means. A complete regression occurs when a tumor that was at one time measurable disappears completely. Partial regression describes the condition where the measurable tumor is reduced by at least 50 percent in size. Regulatory authority: A government agency responsible for codifying and enforcing rules and regulations as mandated by law. Ren-: Renal. Renal: Pertaining to the kidney. Resection: Surgical removal of tissue. Residual Seizure Disorder (RSD): See seizures. Resistance: The ability of an organism to develop strains that are impervious to specific threats to their existence. For example, the malaria parasite has developed strains that are resistant to drugs such as chloroquine. The Anopheles mosquito has developed strains that are resistant to DDT and other insecticides. Reye Syndrome: Encephalopathy (general brain disorder) in children following an acute illness such as influenza or chickenpox. Symptoms include vomiting, agitation and lethargy. This condition may result in coma or death. Rheumatoid factor: an antibody that is usually found in the blood of adults who have rheumatoid arthritis is rarely present in children who have juvenile arthritis. Rheumatoid factor is more likely to occur in girls who have had many affected joints. Risk: The likelihood that an individual will experience a certain event. Risk-based evaluation: Evaluation of scientific and other relevant information with the aim of obtaining a qualitative and/or quantitative estimation of the probability of occurrence and severity of known or potential adverse public health effects. Rotavirus: A group of viruses that cause diarrhea in children. Rubeola: Measles. Acute contagious disease marked by fever, catarrhal symptoms, and a typical cutaneous eruption. Rubella: Acute infectious disease resembling both scarlet fever and measles, but differing from these in its short course, slight fever, and freedom from sequelae. German measles. SSafety (Sharps) Box: A puncture proof/liquid proof container designed to hold used sharps during disposal and destruction. Safety syringe: Modified, disposable plastic syringe designed so that the healthcare worker can disable it is such a way that the needle is protected and cannot be re-used. SAGE: Serial Analysis of Gene Expression. Salmonella: A genus of bacteria in the family of enterobactreriaceae pathogenic to man and other animals. Several species exist causing various diseases such as typhoid, enteric fever, and food poisoning. Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells. SC: Subcutaneous . SCAN: a process for the rapid isolation and functional characterization of tumor infiltrating and tumor associated T-cells. Schistosomiasis: A parasitic disease due to infestation with blood flukes belonging to the genus Schistosoma, q.v. The disease is endemic throughout Asia, Africa and tropical America. Infestation occurs by wading or bathing in water containing cercariae that have issued from snails. SYN: bilharziasis. SCID mice: severe combined immunodeficiency is an immune deficiency disease in which neither antibody nor T-cell responses are made. It is usually the result of T cell deficiencies. The SCID mutation causes severe combined immune deficiency. Seizure: The sudden onset of a jerking and staring spell usually caused by fever. Also known as convulsions. Septicaemia: Severe generalized infection resulting from dissemination of Pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Serial analysis of the gene expression: SAGE is a high throughput differential gene expression methodology that permits the identification of candidate tumor antigen within a subset of differentially expressed genes that are over expressed in cancer cells. Serratia: A genus of bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae that is saprophytic on decaying plant and animal materials. Sharps: Equipment that is used in skin piercing procedures, such as needles or lancets. Shingles: See herpes zoster. Side Effect: Undesirable reaction resulting from immunization. Solid phase epitope recovery: SPHERE, a combinatorial; peptide library screening technology that enables the identification of the minimal epitope recognized by T-cells. Species: Organisms in the same genus that have similar characteristics. Sterilizable syringe: Either all plastic or all glass syringe with steel needle. This type of syringe is designed for re-use after proper cleaning and sterilization in a steam sterilizer or autoclave. Strain: A specific version of an organism. Many diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, have multiple strains. Statistical significance: The probability that an event or difference occurred as the result of the intervention (vaccine) rather than by chance alone. This probability is determined by using statistical tests to evaluate collected data. Guidelines for defining significance are chosen before data collections begins. Stakeholder: A person or group of persons, or an industry, association, organization, etc. with an economic or professional interest/responsibility in an area or (involuntarily) affected by the developments in the same area. In the field of antimicrobial usage in food animals the farmers, veterinarians, animal feed organizations, pharmaceutical companies, consumers, public health officials, academic and other related groups are recognized as stakeholders. Streptococcus: A genus of bacteria of the family lactobaccillaceae occurring regularly in the mouth and intestines of humans and other animals. Some species are Pathogenic. Subclinical infection: The presence of infection without symptoms. Also known as inapparent or asymptomatic infection. Subcutaneous injection: An injection delivered under the skin. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): The sudden and unexpected death of a healthy infant under 1 year of age. A diagnosis of SIDS is made when an autopsy cannot determine another cause of death. The cause of SIDS is unknown. Also known as "crib" death. Surrogate marker: An indirect measure of disease progression. Surveillance Systems: The ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data. The data may lead to actions taken to prevent and control an infectious disease. Susceptible: Unprotected against disease. Synergetic model: (synonymous to synergistic) coordinated or correlated action of two or more structures, agents, or physiological processes so that the combined action is greater than the sum of each acting separately.
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